Work Teams Essay Example for Free

Work Teams Essay One of the most significant things to remember when amassing work groups is group viability. Group adequacy is fundamentally where powerful groups believe in them and each other in the capacity to succeed. Everybody that will be a piece of this formative group should meet up and concur on what is best for the current subject. You should come in concurrence with each other to work adequately as a group. Functioning as a group will make positive cooperative energy that will permit an expansion in execution. Having the right work group set up will likewise permit a simpler and progressively composed workplace. At the point when individuals know their job and what is anticipated from them, their activity gets simpler. To make a viable group, you should have the option to capacity and work together while showing certain attributes. Those attributes are as per the following: Adequate assets †must have sufficient measures of assets outside of the gathering to continue it. You should have support on an assortment of levels. For this situation your help would be from the various employments every one of you holds in your advancement gathering. Those of you from the educational system can give study halls, educators and direct experiences with understudies. Those of you with NCPIE can give outside eyes glancing in. Assorted variety, racial, ethnic, sexual orientation and handicap issues are your fundamental concerns. Ultimately, those with The Woodson Foundation can offer strategic help, program improvement and estimation of the staff. The following trademark you should show would be administration and structure. You should have the option to concede to who can perform what obligations as well as could be expected. Your team’s execution relies upon the information and aptitudes of its individuals. From the rundown of potential up-and-comers, those I feel that would have the option to adjust to the musings and thoughts of others with the result being that of an effective program are recorded in no specific request. I would designate Victoria Adams (Superintendent of Washington, DC schools) as a major aspect of the group. Miss Adams reached The Woodson Foundation. She realizes that the educational system, networks and families ought to be included, however accepts that the educational system ought to assume the biggest job. Being the administrator of all zone schools can likewise furnish sufficient esources in homerooms and with the school personnel. I would likewise select Community Organizer Mason Dupree. Having such a great amount of contact with the network would give the outside voices a route in. Networks are a significant piece of a fruitful educational system, so you will require somebody the network trusts and is OK with. Finally, from The Woodson Foundation, I would choose Meredith Watson to the group. Miss Watson has the two encounters functioning as an instructor and with the establishment. She will have the option to identify with the two sides just as giving the assets the Foundation brings to the table. I would likewise consider having Victor Martinez from The Woodson Foundation too. Mr. Martinez appears to have a receptive outlook casing and welcome change when and if necessary. He could fill in as a potential go between for the group. For different competitors that were not picked, I would state to open up to all sides of the condition. On the off chance that you are deadest on your ways and have no space for change, the odds are your direction won't work. You must be happy to give a little just as lose a bit. Having a psyche casing of just things that you concur and have confidence in will just fulfill you. To wrap up qualities, you will likewise require an atmosphere of trust among colleagues. On the off chance that you can’t trust those you are working with, at that point how are those you are attempting to help going to confide in you. With such a lot of being stated, it will be a long uneven ride. With exciting bends in the road and knocks en route clashes make certain to emerge. Clashes that may happen may not all be fundamentally terrible. Undertaking clashes happen regularly inside groups. Numerous solitary wish to have the option to frame a group and concur in a split second on everything, except as a general rule there will be a great deal of contentions and differences en route. At the point when these contentions do emerge, and they will, the best activity will be to work the issue out. Discussion it on the off chance that you need to, talk about the advantages and disadvantages, and hear outside thoughts just as the assessments of those included. Try not to blow up or aggravated which at long last will just exacerbate the issue. Utilizing intuitive arranging methodologies will likewise profit the group. Tossing out an assortment of thoughts is an ideal beginning. When you have a lot of thoughts, you can begin to decide ones with the ideal fit. Having the option to effectively exhibit and finishing exchanges shows you are eager to go to an understanding for the current issues. You should have the option to discover inside your gathering those that exceed expectations in specific regions and choose them that class. At the point when you start settling on choices as a group, you will perceive that it is so natural to cooperate generally advantageous. Program Team: To be a decent pioneer, you should have the option to comprehend and work with those on all degrees of the task. You must be available to change just as having the option to deal with a differing gathering of individuals. The school region, NCPIE and The Woodson Foundation all rotate around various assortments of individuals. You should be eager to step in the shoes of others to completely comprehend the current issues. All gatherings must show certain qualities of hierarchical culture, for example, development and hazard taking, meticulousness, result direction, individuals direction, group direction, forcefulness and strength. Every one of the three gatherings have their own authoritative culture, yet they all are searching for work fulfillment. Culture makes qualifications between associations. To get all individuals to concur in spite of their diverse authoritative societies, individuals must meet up as one. Putting aside contrast will prompt profitability, responsibility and generally better anticipated results. All together for you as pioneers to prevail with the guardians and representatives, you much be happy to join their thoughts and sentiments into your own. You need to consider the group an entirety. Remembering individuals for your work group just as the crowd encompassing you (the guardians). Ensuring you are the best fit as a pioneer also will decide the achievement of the circumstance. Pioneers ought to gain the trust of the understudies and guardians just as the instructors, in the event that you can’t procure trust you won’t have the option to completely succeed. When you have set up trust you will need to give opportunities to collaboration. You will likewise need to set up a dream. Pioneers should move in the direction of catching individualized thought, scholarly incitement, and moving inspiration and glorified impact. Progressing in the direction of the fulfillment of all included ought to be of principle concern. In the event that issues do happen to emerge, thing about the contentions and use correspondence to work them out in like manner.

anne bradstreet Essay -- essays research papers fc

Anne Bradstreet was not just the principal English-speaking, North American artist, yet she was additionally the primary American, lady artist to have her works distributed. In 1650, without her insight, Bradstreet’s brother by marriage had huge numbers of her sonnets distributed in an assortment called The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America. In spite of the fact that these sonnets didn't reflect what might be her best work, they emulated what might be the best impact on every last bit of her composition. Anne Bradstreet’s Puritan life was the most grounded, and the most clear impact on her work. Regardless of whether it was her purpose behind composition, how she composed, or what she expounded on, Bradstreet’s sonnets would mirror the impact of Puritan life and convention.      Although there is next to no data about Anne Bradstreet’s prior life, we do realize that she was conceived in 1612, likely in Northampton, England. Anne experienced childhood in the Earl of Lincoln’s home, which was an exceptionally recognized family unit with a broad library. Her dad Thomas Dudley, who took care of a considerable lot of the Earl’s issues, empowered his daughter’s training. Additionally filling in as a steward to the Earl of Lincoln was Anne’s future spouse, Simon Bradstreet. The two men were accomplished, noticeable individuals who might convey their insight and impact to the New World (Piercy 18).      In 1628 Anne and Simon were hitched. After two years Thomas Dudley and the Bradstreets started their multi month excursion to New England on the Arbella (Piercy 18). The reason for their excursion was to show up in another existence where they could practice and show their puritan precept. The new settlement was ideal for their streamlined religion because of the absence of customs that were at that point set up in England.      Here starts the impact of the Puritan life on Anne’s work. Christian Doctrine turned into the main theme that was satisfactory for individuals to expound on. It was utilized to instruct and convince the provinces to love and respect God. Numerous Puritans kept diaries and journals as a past filled with God’s work among the settlements. The accessible readings contained good exercises all settled by Puritan pioneers, or the congregation. In the article â€Å"Puritan Poetry: Public or Private† the writer clarifies the point of open sonnets is to introduce, affirm, and extol the reason. It likewise recommends that the worries of open verse are d... ...iritual direction.      Ultimately being a Puritan was the best effect on Anne Bradstreet’s composing. It was the duties of a Puritan lady that drove her to compose, the Puritan culture she lived in that accommodated how she composed, and the Puritan teachings she really put stock in that formed her considerations into what she expounded on.  â â â â  â â â â  â â â â Works Cited Blackstock, Carrie. â€Å"Anne Bradstreet and Performativity Self-Cultivation, Self- Deployment.† Early American Literature 32 (1997): 223-247. Doriani, Beth. â€Å"Then Have I†¦Said With David: Anne Bradstreet’s Andover Original copy Poems and the Influence of the Psalms Tradition†. Early American Literature 24 (1989): 52-69. Piercy, Josephine K. Anne Bradstreet. New York: Twayne Publishing, 1965. Salska, Agnieszka. â€Å"Puritan Poetry: Public and Private† Early American Writing 19 (1984): 114-119. White, Elizabeth W. Anne Bradstreet. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. White, Peter. Puritan Poets and Poetics. Dad: The Pennsylvania State University, 1985.

The Ultimate Recognition

The Ultimate Recognition I got an e-mail the other day from a deferred applicant, who said that getting into MIT would have been the ultimate recognition of all the effort Ive poured into everything in my life thus far. I sympathize I know how it feels to pour a lot of yourself into something, and not see it pay off in the way you expect, or hope. Its very painful. And embarrassing. One of the worst parts is when people who believe in you ask SO HOW DID IT GO??? and you have to break the news, when really youd rather curl up in bed and put your shades down and never look anyone in the eye again. And then, over empty tubs of ice cream and a carpet covered with tissues, wonder why you bothered to work so hard when it didnt pay off anyway. I sympathize, but as someone who has made this mistake infinitely many times in the past, continues to do so now, and probably will be unable to avoid doing so in the future I dont believe that trying to define what ultimate recognition is, under ANY circumstances, the right attitude. An example. In High School, I was the captain of my robotics team. I joined the team as a freshman because my eighth grade science teacher encouraged me to. I was very ambitious: I wanted to become team captain, I wanted to lead us from success to success, I wanted to help us bring in money from sponsors, and win the most prestigious awards that FIRST offers its teams. I worked my butt off, and the first part of my dream came true I became captain my junior year. I wrote essays for our awards applications, was on the drive team at the regionals. Well! you say. You got into MIT, so obviously all those things happened, because MIT only accepts the most flawless human beings on the planet. NO!  We never won a regional, never won those awards; I was heartbroken and felt like a failure. Worse, I hadnt only let myself down, but I had let an entire team down. When I graduated and passed over the reins, I wondered what the heck the point was. Winning a regional, winning a Chairmans Award that would have been the ultimate recognition of all the effort Id put into that team during High School. Sure, the team had gone from 10 people to something like a 60-strong operation and sure, Id spent a bunch of time mentoring middle school kids in Robotics, and yeah, maybe that second grader I tutored LOVED it when I showed him our robot  but I didnt think about any of that, because I had a very specific idea of what ultimate recognition meant, and I didnt get it, and I was disappointed. My robotics team is kicking butt now. They won the entrepreneurship award last year. They built a spectacular robot, and made it to the semifinals for the first time in our teams history. And I realize, only now, when Im no longer on the team, that all my hard work was part of a picture bigger than myself: the payoff wasnt on as short of a time scale as I had expected, or hoped. The ultimate recognition is not ultimate at all, because it will continue: my work and the work of everything who has ever been on that team is constantly being recognized, long after weve left. Another example. One of my best friends in High School always wanted to go to Hogwarts (college name pseudonym, for privacy.) Since Middle School, or something. She had a Hogwarts sweater, and said that everything she did, she did for one result: get into Hogwarts. She didnt get into Hogwarts. She cried. A lot. We brought her flowers. She asked us WHY she put in all that work, what the point was. It broke our hearts, because she was obviously blind to the fact that she had become a brilliant writer, photographer, journalist skills that would obviously serve her wherever she ended up going to college (shes now doing some crazy awesome study abroad program) and beyond that as well. She defined what ultimate recognition would be, and didnt get it. Her work is paying off in a different way although its not the way she expected or hoped. And it will continue to pay off, even though that Hogwarts sweater is in some garbage heap somewhere. A final example. In High School, I (and all of my friends here at MIT) were academic rockstars; we got straight As, we were valedictorians, we won lots of awards, etc. I came to expect that hard work paid off in a specific way. I work hard - I receive external validation by getting an A. I work hard, demonstrate my enthusiasm for a subject - I receive external validation by winning an award. The result: some of us became dependent on those to feel good about ourselves. One friend says that at the beginning of a program, he looks at the awards they hand out at the end, then tries to shape his choices and behavior to fit the criteria for winning that award. Thats really sad. Hes  won so many awards over his life that somehow winning awards is a requirement for feeling good about himself; the thought of  no longer doing so is totally unbearable. And now he doesnt always act the way he wants to act, because he wants to be recognized in the way hes used to being recognized. I should add that, as disturbing as that probably sounds to you, its the same attitude that drives people to e-mail me with questions like WHAT MUST I DO TO BE ACCEPTED TO MIT??? The answer is: NOT ASK QUESTIONS LIKE THAT. That is the wrong. question. just like reading the award description and molding yourself after what you imagine a winner would be like is the WRONG. APPROACH. NO. DONT DO THAT. I think I sort of had that approach in mind when I got to MIT. Id gotten so many As and won so many awards that I had a hard time tearing my attention from the results I wanted. Then I got here,  stopped getting straight As, stopped winning awards, stopped being top of my class, and woah.  The foundation of my self-confidence basically disappeared. That happens to a lot of people: we have to rebuild our self-confidence out of tougher stuff than grades or class rank, because we are not longer the smart kid or the nerdy kid because EVERYONE here is smart and nerdy. And thats a really good thing, I think. A final story. And the reason why I was thinking about all this. I just did poorly on my Quantum II final. I also did poorly on the midterm, way back in October, and it was important to me for a lot of reasons that I ace this test. Did I study hard? Yes. Did I do every problem they suggested we do in preparation? Yes. Did I do all the homework? Yes. Did I attend all office hours I could possibly attend? Yes. I even crutched to office hours in the rain, once.  Was there anything more I could have done? Probably, but there always is you can always look back and say I SHOULD HAVE DONE MORE! but thats just cruel. I think its unreasonable and a little unhealthy to expect 100% efficiency out of yourself. So, what was the point of all the work I put into that class this semester? WHY did I crutch to office hours in the rain? I did it for a specific result: I wanted an A in that class. I would have liked recognition of all the work I put into it. And now Im probably not going to get that. And last night, it was a huge crisis and the end of the world and MY FUTURE IS RUINED and THIS IS THE UNIVERSE TELLING ME NOT TO BE A PHYSICIST and WHY DO I EVER TRY EVER WHEN IM NOT EVEN GOING TO GET EXTERNAL VALIDATION OF MY HARD WORK. And then I talked to two French House alums, both of whom had their serious academic struggles here and are doing just fine. They both told me that whatever grade I get in this class: its really not going to matter when I look back in a couple of years. Another of my friends here told me something similar: its going to be fine, it will work out, blah blah blah, all the things that are totally impossible for me to realize at this stage because I am so freaking short-si ghted. At this point, though, this kind of disappointment feels familiar. It feels like looking up at the scoreboard and seeing that our Robotics team lost. It feels like listening for my name at an awards ceremony and not hearing it called. It feels like how Im sure my friend felt when that letter from Hogwarts brought unwelcome and unexpected news. I worked hard for a specific kind of validation and reward, and I didnt get it. But I have things to look forward to. Next  semester I will take Quantum III, which is sort of the capstone of this quantum series, filled with awesome applications of all the crazy math techniques weve been learning. I KNOW I learned a lot in Quantum II, even if it wont show up that way on my transcript. But it will make Quantum III awesome, and lets be real how many people can go around saying they know advanced quantum physics? Whatever I become a teacher, a researcher I will be glad I took this class, and I will be glad I worked hard, and it will pay off. The grade is not the ultimate recognition of that. I didnt work the entire semester for one grade. I worked the entire semester for what will follow after this semester, the same way that high school seniors have worked for 17 or 18 years for what will follow those 17 or 18 years; Acceptance To Dream College is just another thing that happens (or doesnt) along the way, and honestly will not turn out to make that big of a diff erence in the long run. On December 22, I fly back home to London for the first time in a YEAR. My mom is wonderful and familiar with my love of theatre, and bought tickets to Richard III, Kiss Me Kate, and Cabaret. She is also familiar with my love of food, and arranged an outing for posh afternoon tea. My friend Davie, who graduated last year, is currently taking a year to study math in Berlin, and is going to stay with my family for a few days right around New Years. Were going to take a tour of Hampton Court palace; way back in my youth, I had the free time to spend weekends roaming through the Hampton Court hedge maze, and eventually had the correct path memorized. Then itll be 2013, which is hard to believe. On January 3, I fly back to Boston for a few days, see the doctor to find out whether my toe is recovering properly, then fly to Los Angeles on January 6th for the American Astronomical Societys annual winter conference. Ill present a poster on my pulsar research from the summer, and do my best to charm the other astronomers. Ill visit friends in San Francisco, fly back to Boston, do research for a couple of weeks, then fly to China to teach for five days. When disappointment catches up with me and Im no longer able to maintain perspective about how much one particular incident will matter to my life in the long run, I like to concentrate on all the things Im excited about. I know that all this is easy for me to say, because IM AT MIT! and MY LIFE MUST BE AWESOME! and WHAT MORE IS THERE TO LIFE THAN GETTING INTO MIT? but let me tell you, we all suffer our fair share of disappointments and failures; do yourself a favor, and learn how to move on from those experiences without beating yourself up. That will serve you much more faithfully in the long run than a particular college acceptance. I know a few very tightly-strung, low-self-confidence MIT students, who sadly havent learned yet how to mentally forgive themselves for what they consider failure, and havent yet managed to detach self-worth from the various forms of external validation theyve become accustomed to. Also, as a last, semi-unrelated note;  Ive gotten a few e-mails recently from prospectives saying thank you for posting so often! which makes me a little guilty. I dont want to give the illusion that, against my will, I drag myself to the blogging interface and bang posts out in an act of self-sacrifice for all the loyal readers. Yes,  this is a job, and I respect it as such but its also an outlet, and this might sound selfish but I think that I post as much for myself as I do for the prospectives. When Im stressed out, its relaxing to come here and tell a story so, really, I should thank you for reading. Blogging is also an excellent form of procrastination. So excuse me while I go study for my 18.06 (Linear Algebra) final.

Martin Luther Kings Leadership Style - 2712 Words

Martin Luther King, Jr. A role model leader Faculty: Business Administration Course: Leadership Presented by: Nana Akhobadze â€Å"Leadership is an influence process that assists groups of individuals toward goal attainment† (Peter G. Northouse, 2010). According to the definition in order to accomplish this â€Å"process† group of individuals (followers) have to be influenced by an individual (leader) who should motivate, inspire, guide and direct group members towards mutual goal. This is exactly what Sir Martin Luther King, Jr. was doing and what had made him one of the world’s most inspirational leaders. A real role model of a successful leader had been attracting public interest for years and his characters, traits and skills are still†¦show more content†¦Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. federal holiday in 1986 and is celebrated around the time of Kings birthday, January 15. King was not only fighting against racial discrimination, but he had a dream to change the perception of society at large. In his campaign The Great March on Washington he mostly focused on education, fair wages and open access, which would benefit all of the society. King showed his most heroic leadership during his campaign â€Å"Beyond Vietnam†, when he managed to withdraw US army from Vietnam. During that time king suggested that he could personally stop bombing by going to Vietnam and â€Å"acting as a human shield.† He also challenged US president and demanded massive redistribution of wealth and power. For king leadership meant standing up for what he believed in and being â€Å"a drum major for justice† and even though he was arrested up to twenty times and assaulted several times, he was always standing next to his dreams. It took bravery and courage from King to stay loyal of his believes, which had eventually turned him into not only symbolic le ader of American blacks but also a world figure. All above mentioned facts prove that King was indeed inspirational and strong person and a real role model of a leader. One of the most appealing characters of King for me is that he was fighting for improvements in its community, nation and the world at large and he did it in totallyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Leadership Skills of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.823 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Abstract This paper will analyze and study the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King and how leadership skills helped him in accomplishing his goals. The characteristics that made Dr. King a great leader will also be addressed. By studying great leaders, insight can be gained into what qualities they possess. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a vital figure of the modern era. His lectures and dialogues stirred the concern and sparked theRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr., A Political Icon Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause they and their accomplishments have forever changed society and the world. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of those individuals. Martin Luther Kings contributions to history place him in this inimitable position. One of the great figures in the march of human history, Martin Luther King Jr., like Gandhi before him, lived by a heroic credo of non-violence. More than two decades since his death, Martin Luther King ideas; his call for racial equality, his faith in the ultimate triumph of justiceRead MoreMartin Luther King Qualities1327 Words   |  6 Pagesmade Martin Luther King to become a great leader in civil rights movement. Martin Luther King was a social activist and Baptist minister who led the civil rights movement from the mid-1950s to 1960s. According to the website called Martin Luther King Jr.-Biography, Martin Luther king was graduated from high school when he was fifteen. After getting his B. A. Degree from Morehouse, the B. D. from Crozer and then he got his doctor’s degree from Boston University. This shows that Martin Luther KingRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King s Leadership Essay2136 Words   |  9 Pages3 Bus Boycott in Montgomery 4 LEADERSHIP STYLE 5 King’s Leadership type 5 King’s Leadership Models 5 INFLUENCE IN THE ARTS 6 CONCLUSION 7 REFERENCES 8 INTRODUCTION Only a few of many leaders in history have been known as being great and living by example, as their actions and accomplishments have positively affected their intimate society or even the world. Dr. Martin Luther King in my opinion is one of these few leaders. Martin Luther King’s addition to history has put himRead MoreThe Effective Leadership Style of Martin Luther King Jr. Essay630 Words   |  3 Pagesunique leadership style. The gift of being a leader can be learned. Certain individuals are born with a charismatic style and can easily be a leader. A successful leader is one who can inspire and motivate people towards a goal. Martin Luther King Jr. was an individual with a born gift to lead people. The following paper will discuss how Martin Luther King Jr. was able to inspire and motivate people with his effective leadership style. Martin Luther King Jr.’s leadership style Martin Luther KingRead MoreTransactional Leaders : Transformational Leaders1140 Words   |  5 PagesA Prominent Leader Throughout history, there have been many great leaders. Each of them had/has their own leadership style, which made them a prominent leader. According to Smith (2008), â€Å"not all good leaders are the same because they each possess a different characteristic, which makes them the great leader that they are/were. We might say that each is an excellent leader with certain characteristics that make them so, however, when we compare those characteristics with the characteristics ofRead MoreLeadership As A Charismatic Leader1541 Words   |  7 Pagescharisma was not a major topic of discussion. The Charismatic approach is measured to reflect a particular kind of leader. They are usually strong self-confident individuals that portray competency. Their followers tend to mimic the goals and leadership style of the charismatic leader. They are gifted in articulating their ideas, â€Å"plans and goals to others while creating an ambiance that says, do as I do. They can articulat e a compelling or captivating vision and can arouse strong emotions in followersRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail And Nonviolent Protests Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Letter from Birmingham jail† and Nonviolent Protests In Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham jail†, King talks about his imprisonment for his involvement in a nonviolent protest and defends his rights and moral grounds for organizing nonviolent protest activities. In this essay, I will look at his views on nonviolent protest and how they differ from todays violent protests. To understand King’s views on nonviolent protest, I will start by summarizing some of the main points in his â€Å"LetterRead MoreMlk Rhetorical Analysis Essay example1178 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis on Martin Luther King Junior’s Letter from Birmingham Jail In Martin Luther King Junior’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, MLK uses ethos, logos, and pathos powerfully and effectively to present his argument that the discrimination of African Americans all over the country is unbearable and should be outlawed forever. King wrote the letter in Birmingham, Alabama after a peaceful protest against segregation which was King’s way of reinforcing his belief that without forceful, directRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. vs. Malcolm X1263 Words   |  6 Pages* Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are two people on different ends of the scales, with totally different up-bringings. * King was brought up by a rich black family,with a good education, and a good chance at life. He was a black aristocrat, and a wealthy man. * Malcolm X was brought up in the ghetto, and had to learn to defend himself against racist white children. He was deptived of his father, who was found dead, murdered by a white mob. His mother became mentally ill so he was

Art 14 - 1321 Words

AR 103: Art Appreciation 12/2/13 Chapter 14-Nature, Knowledge, and Technology Goals and Objectives: To explore works of art which seek to imitate, admire, or judge the world around us. That world consists of animals and plants as well as human constructs: our knowledge systems our technology, and our cities. 1. What do we consider ideal in nature? 19.13, Little Bouquet in a Clay Jar, Jan Bruegel, 1599 In nature, bounteous displays and vivid colors are considered ideal, especially when it comes to flowers. A great example of this is Little Bouquet in a Clay Jar by Jan Bruegel. This is an oil painting of an arrangement of flowers in a modest clay pot. The flowers are extremely voluptuous and bountiful in comparison to the small†¦show more content†¦This was a machine that was constructed of junkyard parts and was designed to self-destruct once up and running. The piece is very UNBALANCED and doesn’t have much SYMMETRY throughout it. It is an absurd machine that takes up a lot of SPACE. 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The Baroque era began as artistic revolt against the stylization of Mannerist art and as means of implementing the demands of the Counter-Reformation Church, which sought to restore its religious prominence in the western world in the face of the Protestant threat (Duckett, 2011). The Baroque movementRead MoreEssay on To Autumn1390 Words   |  6 Pagesautumn and harvesting is introduced. Which is why throughout this stanza, Autumn is personified as a harvester. Autumn is found â€Å"on a granary floor† (Line 14), â€Å"by a cider-press† (Line 21) and acting â€Å"like a gleaner† (Line 19). Although what is significant about this, it that Autumn is not really harvesting, but rather â€Å"sitting carelessly† (Line 14), â€Å"sound asleep† (Line 16), or â€Å"watch[ing] the last oozings hours by hours† (Line 22), this suggests the laziness that comes along with fall afternoons.Read MoreSimilarities Between Ancient And Ancient Civilizat ions950 Words   |  4 Pagesclassical history painting set the standard in academic art for generations and became the embodiment of French classics 14. looking at the life and work of Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, or Camille Claudel, and write an essay discussing how her work fit within the artistic movements of the time. Berthe Morisot demonstrated the possibilities for women artists in avant-garde art movements at the end of the 19th century. Once Morisot settled on pursuing art, her family did not impede her career also she wasRead MoreBaroque And The Baroque Era732 Words   |  3 Pagesapproach of Mannerist art. The Baroque art movement combines dramatic works of arts, beautiful details, and emotionally stimulating subject matter to give the viewer a powerful visual experience (Devlin, E. L. 2013) B. Artwork significant to the movement ïÆ' ¼ Merisi, M. (1601). â€Å"Caravaggio, Conversion of Saint Paul† [oil on canvas 7’ 6† x 5’ 9†]. Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome. In F. S. Kleiner (Ed.), Gardner’s art through the ages: The Western perspective (14 ed., Vol. II, p. 570)Read MoreAlbrecht Durer Self-Portrait Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagesfigures in the history f European art outside Italy during the Renaissance (Gowing 195). Portraying the questioning spirit of the Renaissance, Durers conviction that he must examine and explore his own situation through capturing the very essence of his role as artist and creator, is reflected in the Self-portrait in a Fur Collared Robe (Strieder 10). With the portrait, Durers highly self-conscious approach to his status as an artist coveys his exalted mission of art more clearly than in any otherRead MoreThe Modern Mentality Regarding the View of Art1008 Words   |  5 Pagesa type of art. Art, as defined by the New Oxford American Dictionary, is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination . . . producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power. The majority of people would accept this as a good idea of what art is; but really, what is art to us? Is it a good picture? Is it a catchy tune? Or is it the creativity in the creation of art itself? The effort put into trying to create art? Today, art has becomeRead MoreOPTICAL ILLUSIONS: The Art of Deception of Perception Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagesin Paris, Festival of 30 June 1878(Figure 3), which illustrates a scene of a festive street, but most people do not connect Monet’s Rue Montorgueil in Paris, Festival of 30 June 1878 with optical illusions. They fail to realize that all art is an optical illusion. A painting is really nothing more than one great optical illusion, â€Å"something that deceives by producing a false or misleading impression of reality† (Optical illusion 1). When you look at a painting you see a sceneRead MoreAnalysis Of The Christian College s ( Pcc ) Definition Of Art, And Dr. Francis Schaeffer s Criteria For Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesIntro Understanding art is often thought of as being an unreachable goal, but art should not be considered arbitrary because it influences the cultures and societies around us. The purpose of this paper is to define and also establish my opinions on Pensacola Christian College’s (PCC) definition of art, the bibliosophy of art, and Dr. Francis Schaeffer’s criteria for art. These topics are useful for artists as well as anyone else critiquing art, and can also serve as guidelines and standards forRead MoreShould Fine Arts Programs Be Cut From Schools?1046 Words   |  5 PagesKhusi Jhaveri Mrs. Gorski Reading and Language Arts 10 March 2016 Should Fine Arts Programs be Cut from Schools? How would you feel if one of your favorite subjects was cut from school? You would feel disappointed or sad right? That is how I would feel if fine arts programs were cut from my school. For me, the arts are an outlet of my soul where I can explore my passion, and express my creativity. There are some school officials that say cutting arts funding would save money that could go towards

A Brief Look at the Origin of English Idioms Free Essays

Idioms appear in every language and their meaning is often confusing. Because the meaning of the whole group of words taken together has little to do with the meanings of the words taken one by one. In order to understand a language, one must know what idioms in that language mean. We will write a custom essay sample on A Brief Look at the Origin of English Idioms or any similar topic only for you Order Now If we want to figure out the meaning of an idiom literally, word by word, we will get befuddled as we have to know its â€Å"hidden meaning†. Most of the idioms do not coincide with their direct meanings but hundreds of years ago they actually did. If we search into the origin of the idioms, we can obtain a great deal of information about that nation’s culture, history and even policy. Idioms come from different sources, from the Bible to horse racing, from ancient fables to modern slang. Sometimes famous authors such as Homer, Geoffrey Chaucer, or William Shakespeare made them up to add spark to their writings. Some idioms came from Native-American customs and others from African-American speech. Several popular idioms began as folksy sayings used in particular regions of the country and spoken in local dialects. However, the name of the first author or speaker who used particular expressions is not often obvious. Some idioms go back in time to the ancient Greeks and Romans, thousands of years ago. For instance, Achilles’ heel- the meaning is the weakness, fault or vulnerable spot in one’s strong character. But the origin of this idiom goes back to the times when Greek poet Homer wrote his famous work â€Å"Iliad†. In the â€Å"Iliad† the famous story about the Trojan War Achilles was a great hero and warrior. However, he had one weak spot, the heel of one foot. When he was a baby, his mother wanted to be certain that her son could never be harmed, so he dipped little Achilles upside-down in the magical river Styx. Wherever the water touched his body, he became invulnerable. But since she was holding him by his heel, that part of him never got wet. Years later Achilles was killed in the Trojan War by the enemy who shot a poisoned arrow into his heel. Nowadays, this idiom is still used to show one’s weakness. For example, I like reading historical books, but science fiction is my Achilles’ heel. There is also another example of the idiom which originates from the most famous poem by English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge â€Å"The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner†, written in 1798. Albatross around your neck- the meaning is a very difficult burden you can’t get rid of. In the poem a young sailor shoots a large seabird called albatross. In those days that was considered very lucky. A lot of bad things happen to the ship, and the crew blames the young sailor. They hang the dead bird around his neck. From that time, this idiom is used to speak about a burden or a reminder of something you did that was wrong. Wherever I go, my sister follows me. She is an albatross around my neck. We can find a lot more examples of idioms which have very interesting origin and give us new information of that time customs. For instance, Wear your heart on your sleeve-the meaning is to show one’s emotions and feelings openly. William Shakespeare used this expression in his famous tragedy â€Å"Othello† around the year 1600. In those days, it was the custom for a young lady to tie a ribbon around the arm of her boyfriend. The boy then wore this favour on his sleeve, one of the visible parts of his clothing, to display the feelings of his heart for the entire world to see. Today, it is used not only to show love, but also another emotion too. Everyone in our office knows that Mel doesn’t get along with the boss, because he wears his heart on his sleeve. Another such example is, pull the wool over your eyes-the meaning is to fool, deceive, or trick someone. In 19th century Europe many men wore wigs made of wool. In British courts today, some lawyers and judges still wear them. If you pulled the wig over the person’s eyes, he or she couldn’t still see what was happening and could easily be tricked. It was said that if a clever lawyer fooled a judge, he was pulling the wool over the judge’s eyes. Now, we use this expression to describe any act of cheating or trickery. Jacob was trying to pull the wool over his mother’s eyes by saying he was working at the library with his friends. Some idioms have originated from political actions and their origin can give us information about certain historical events. For example, Read the riot-the meaning is to severely scold or warn someone. In 1714 the British Parliament passed what was called the Riot Act. It said if twelve or more people gathered â€Å"illegally, riotously, and tumultuously,† a magistrate could command them to break up and leave just by reading the opening words of the Riot Act. If they didn’t leave within an hour, they were guilty of breaking the law and were given a severe punishment. As the years went by, â€Å"reading someone the riot act† came to mean warning a person in the strongest possible terms of severe punishment if he or she did not stop a certain activity. When students came to class unprepared, the teacher read her the riot act. Another example is Dime a dozen-the meaning is very common and inexpensive; easy to get and available anywhere. In 1786 US Congress officially named the ten-cent coin a â€Å"dime†. The dime soon became a popular coin. Millions were minted and everyone had them. Since they were so cheap and so common, the phrase â€Å"a dime a dozen† became a natural way to describe any everyday thing that was easy to get and of small value. And â€Å"dime† and â€Å"dozen† begin with the same letter, which makes the saying catchy through alliteration. I thought those books were rare, but they were a dime a dozen. All above mentioned examples show us that idioms teach us not only the language but also give us information about customs and traditions of a certain time. When we learn idioms, we should also take into consideration not only their meaning, but also their origin. Learning the origin of idioms will help us read and speak with new understanding. How to cite A Brief Look at the Origin of English Idioms, Papers

The Relationship between Color Vision and High Altitude

Abstract Color vision is one of the characteristics that are recognized as having an effect on careers and human interaction. This research establishes the effects of high altitude on color vision. It also investigates the color systems that are affected more in relation to others.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Relationship between Color Vision and High Altitude specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research methodology mainly involves the analysis of materials on research done in the same area together with the data from various researchers. The findings of this research will reveal whether there is a reduction in color perception in high altitude with regard to the three axes in an effort to conclude the one that is most affected. Are the effects reversible with acclimatization and resumption to normal altitudes? The research also answers this question. Introduction Color vision is one of the characteris tics that are thought to differentiate human beings as a distinct species from some of the other species that are not able to perceive color. Man has always depended on this trait in several ways to survive. In the present day where careers have become complex, the importance of the trait has only increased. Some of the careers that demand an assessment of the trait in an individual include military profession, professions in the aviation industry, and transport industries among others. It has been noted that there is a special group of people who are unable to perceive some colors, and hence the intense scrutiny of shortlisted candidates where color discrimination is crucial. The absence of the inability to differentiate between colors may mean life and death in some of the aforementioned careers. Accidents are also predisposed by the presence of inability to differentiate between colors. Despite the innate inability to differentiate colors that are inborn in some individuals, some other factors have been found to affect people’s ability to perceive colors. This research focuses on the effects of high altitude on color vision. It examines some of the findings from other studies. There is an apparent relationship between high altitude, hypoxia, and color vision. The many researchers who applied different methods to evaluate the relationship have provided this inference. Vision and light discrimination form a crucial part of people’s mission at high altitude. People in the aviation industry are tasked with the responsibility of making decisions, which are crucial to their missions in navigation. A slight variation may be a determinant of their operational success. Hence, studying this topic will be crucial in terms of knowing the link between color vision and high altitude. Literature Review There are a number of literary works detailing the effects of high altitude on eye physiology. These materials have investigated the relationship between colo ur vision and high altitude. Their findings, which are stated below, will help in determining the answer to the question under study.Advertising Looking for article on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Color Vision at Hypoxia High altitudes have been associated with reduced oxygen concentrations. Individuals visiting them often experience reduced concentrations of oxygen within their bloodstream. This condition, known as hypoxia, has a number of effects on body systems. According to Karakucuk and his colleagues, one of the effects of hypoxia is on vision where normal functioning is impaired in a number of ways (1). In many of the jobs that people perform on high altitudes, vision is a very important characteristic. Some of the personnel such as land troops, mountaineers, and flight operators need a working vision at any altitude to perform their tasks (1). Karakucuk and his colleagues also state that although m ost of the commercial passenger flights are pressurized at high altitudes between 2100m and 3000m, some of the flights such as small planes such as helicopters are not pressurized (1) despite the fact that some of these flights are capable of reaching those altitudes. Their pilots and their companion operators have an equal reliance on color vision in making critical navigational decisions in the course of their flights. If vision and any aspects of it such as color discrimination fail at these altitudes, navigational crews will have a difficult task in their missions. As such, accidents may occur. Some other researchers have also cited effects of hypoxic conditions on normal vision. According to Vingrys and Garner, some of these effects include visual fields, acuity, flicker sensitivity, and color vision (2). These researchers however cited the absence of evidence showing moderate hypoxia as it might be experienced in high altitude on color discrimination. However, they discredited the findings of researchers with these conclusions based on the methodological approach that they had taken in their respective studies (2). Evidence from some of the credible research findings and their own research was sufficient to make a conclusion that there was evidence of deranged color processing systems although this was in an already compromised color vision (2). Vingrys and Garner also stated some of the methods used to measure color discrimination, with Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue (FM 100-Hue) being one of the tests that their research cited as yielding results of presence of color discrimination problems at high altitude (2). Different researchers who found this association between high altitude, hypoxia, and impairment in color vision cited the most common perceptions impaired as being blue-yellow and red-green.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on The Relationship between Color Vision and High Altitude specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasons for requirements of an intact color vision in army personnel and aircraft controllers are emphasized by the introduction of gadgets that employ color discrimination to operate efficiently such as the CRT displays common in aircraft control and monitoring systems (2). Hypoxia is recognized as causing impaired color discrimination by the researchers above. High Altitude Exposures and Ocular Physiology Ocular physiology is important to understand before evaluating the effects that high altitude and the resultant hypoxia have on normal color vision. There are a number of changes in the physical environment as one ascends in high altitude. One of these changes is the atmospheric pressure, which according to Buttler is about 760 mmHg at sea level, with the concentration of oxygen here being the standard 21% of the total volume of air (3). The partial pressure of oxygen in the body is determined by the concentration of the gas in the inspired air. At sea level, this partial pressure is high and appropriate to support the basic body functions. Buttler states that the calculation of partial pressure of oxygen and other gases in the body can be done through the multiplication of the concentration of the gas in the air by the by the atmospheric pressure in the area (3). The units of the atmospheric pressure in this calculation have to be in absolute atmospheres or in some cases ATA. The calculation of the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level, by taking into consideration the above values, provides a partial pressure of 0.21 ATA for the gas. Ascending in altitude causes a reduction in the atmospheric pressure. When this phenomenon is applied in the equation, a resultant reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen is observed, despite the concentration of the gas remaining constant throughout the change in altitude. Mountain climbers who venture onto Mount Everest have a reduced oxygen partial pressure in their system. Som e of the effects of this case include loss of consciousness due to impaired metabolism in the brain. The effects are recognized due to the resultant reduction in atmospheric pressure, a situation referred to as hypobaric hypoxia. Research shows that the condition occurs with rapid exposures to high altitudes and sudden changes in altitude (3). A gradual change in the altitude, on the other hand, has been associated with reduced effects on the partial pressures of oxygen in climbers, as acclimatization allows them to hyperventilate (3). An observed effect of hyperventilation is the reduced concentration of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, a condition known as hypocapnia.Advertising Looking for article on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Major effects that Karakucuk observed in the eye and vision in relation to increase in altitude include changes in the diameter of the arteries supplying blood to the optic disc, the tortuosity of these vessels, and the concentration of the vessels on the optic disc (3). These changes are common to all individuals who ascend suddenly and those who took the time to acclimatize. The increased vessel diameter, tortuosity, and optic disc hyperaemia resulted in decreased scotopic and photopic vision as well as the activity of retinal ganglion cells (3). This may explain the observed changes in the perception of colors at high altitudes. Physiology of the Eye Color Discrimination at High Altitude The eye is a complex sensory organ. Many researchers have discussed it as an extension of the brain in relation to its embryological development. With the observed effects of high altitude and its changes on the normal eye physiology, many theories have been fronted on the exact factor among thes e changes that cause impaired color perception at high altitude. Some researchers hold varying explanation for the physiological effect. Some of them include changes in atmospheric pressure, the decrease in blood pressure, availability of carbon monoxide, and motor vibrations (4). In their part, they state that the administration of oxygen in individuals who experience impaired color perception and discrimination at high altitudes have resulted in the reversal of these changes (4). They therefore conclude that the main reason for color and visual impairment is due to hypoxia. The perception of light and color in the eye is facilitated by the ganglion cells, which are of different sizes based on the function that each serves. Some studies have shown that the nature of vision and color perception is related to the functionality of these ganglions. Some of the electrophysiological studies done show that the smaller ganglion mediates color vision cells, which are slower in the conductio n of impulses from the eye (2). According to Vingrys and Garner, the same electrophysiological studies also demonstrate that anoxia mainly affects these small ganglion cells, sparing the rapidly conducting larger ganglion cells (2). The observation may provide an explanation to the physiological changes that take place in high altitudes resulting to impaired color discrimination. Hypoxia therefore causes changes on the neural channels in the vision pathway. This suggestion differs from that of other researchers who held that the effects were mainly in the photoreceptors (2). The different visual systems are affected differently and at different altitudes in the visual pathway and photoreception. Vingrys and Garner state that photopic vision mediated by the cones is unaffected in slight increases in altitude. It occurs much later after scotopic vision that is mediated by the rods is interfered with (2). The implication of this situation is that the scotopic vision is more susceptible to the effects of hypoxia compared to photopic vision, which is more resistant to the change (2). An observable result of the findings is the requirements to have workers in the aviation industry, especially the cabin crew that has oxygen supplemented at night and during the day for flights above 10,000 feet. Some of the research done on the differences in altitude for the two visual systems concluded that there is no difference on the effects at mild to moderate levels of hypoxia (2). The processing of vision has been studied in the neural channels that are followed, with researchers stating three channels (2). One of these channels is non-opponent while the rest two of these are color opponent. Each of these models has its own class of cells mediating its functions. Achromatic mechanisms have been shown to have a major role in the visual detection of small dots. Reduced detection would be because of depression in achromatic mechanisms (2). The findings are therefore inconsistent with the effects of hypoxia on color vision. The major aim of Vingrys and Garner’s study included the establishment of hypoxic effects on the photoreceptors (2). The researchers cited some of the previous studies that found an association between the impairment of color vision with hypoxia. The reception of the color green was apparent in these studies, with that of red perception being intact in the conditions that the studies were conducted (2). An explanation made to the observed differences includes that the two color perception systems had a varying vascular supply, with this difference mainly being in the photoreceptor portions. In their own study, however, Vingrys and Garner believed that the vascular supply difference for the photoreceptors developed by the proponents above was defective since the differences could be explained by their observed losses in post-receptor achromatic channels (2). The researchers believed that the reason for the differences observed was t he variation in the absolute threshold that the different channels have for the different colors (2). This led to the conclusion that the effects of hypoxia are on the different channels and that the effects on the photoreceptors cannot be established. The inner retinal layer, or the neural tissue as it is commonly referred, was cited as an important influence in the perception of vision. Optic neuritis is a condition that can be used to show the effects of the pathways in the color vision. A generalized color vision loss is found in these patients indicating that the neural tissue, and not the receptors, plays an important role in color perception (2). The findings above are consistent with the electrophysiological findings stated earlier in terms of serving to strengthen the theory that photoreceptors are not the source of color vision impairment in high altitude hypoxia. Studies done on rabbits were also cited in support of the observations. According to Vingrys and Garner, these studies showed that ganglion cell layers, which constitute the visual pathways were the ones affected by hypoxic deficits and not the photoreceptors, which experienced slight effects much later (2). In the study, the photoreceptors survived for a longer time in the presence of anoxic conditions, as opposed to the ganglion cells that survived for only a few minutes in the same conditions. Ganglion cells are associated with late receptor potentials while the photoreceptors are associated with the early potentials. In another study cited by Vingrys and Garner, the early potentials were reportedly affected only late after the onset of anoxia in monkeys while the late receptor potentials were affected early in the onset of hypoxia (2). The findings presented by Vingrys and Garner are consistent with the findings of other researchers on the topic. The bipolar cells that are found in the photoreceptor zone are not responsible for color vision impairment in hypoxic conditions such as high altitudes since the ganglion cells are the ones that are affected (2). Color Vision It is important that we understand what color vision is and what it entails so that the objectives of the study are fulfilled. The different wavelengths of visible light are responsible for the perception of different colors perceived by the human eye. Specialized cells in the photoreceptor zones called cones are responsible for the perception of these colors after the light wavelengths strike them. The impulses generated are transmitted to the visual cortex (5). According to Davies and his team of researchers, three different types of cones have been established as exhibiting peak sensitivity to lights of different wavelengths (5). Color vision is genetically determined. Deficiencies in the genetic compositions result in the color vision impairment that is commonly seen in individuals. Another important thing about the genetic determination of color vision is association with sex that the characteri stic is linked with. The X chromosome is thought to code for the long and medium cones in the eye. Defects on the chromosome that lies in the region that is coding for the same leads to color blindness that is common in male patients (5). On the other hand, cones that serve the function of perceiving short wavelength lights are different from the ones above. They are genetically coded for in the chromosome number 7, with their distribution on the retina also being sparse (5). They are also reported to be fewer in number, accounting for only a significant proportion (10%) of the total population of cones on the retina. Relation between Color Vision and High Altitude Most of the studies cited above were done to evaluate the effects of hypoxia as the main aim. Few of studies have restricted themselves to the effects that high altitude has on perception of color. One of the studies that have been conducted includes that by Davies and colleagues who studied the effects that high altitude has on several visual axes (5). In this study, 28 eyes were subjected to the changes in high altitudes, with the results of the same recorded against each participant (5). Davies and colleagues found no effects on color vision at an altitude of 4000m in the deutan axis (5). At the altitude of 4000m, the changes in color vision that Davies and colleagues observed included deductions in the protan axis for 4% of the eyes. They also observed some associated reductions in the tritan axis for a large number (72%) of the eyes being (5). Davies et al. continue to state, â€Å"Further on, at 5400m, all eyes had normal protan and deutan axis, while three quarters had minimally reduced, and one quarter moderately reduced, tritan axis† (5). Some previous studies had also demonstrated deterioration in one of the tritans that Davies’ et al. study investigated at an altitude of just 3000m. This was a cause of inconsistency in the two studies, which were both conducted in photopic c onditions (5). Color Vision and Disease Several diseases affect the eye. The most effects that these diseases have are on vision, which is in most instances reduced. The severity of these diseases and their duration is important in the determination of the effects that they may cause on the eye. Some of the most common diseases affecting the eye include diabetes and glaucoma. These conditions are known to cause a corresponding deterioration in color vision early in their course, with the tritan axis being affected earlier than the others (5). The reason that Davies et al. use to explain why blue is affected first is the relatively fewer number of the cones associated with the perception of this axis and the fragility that they have been associated with (5). The other reason provided is that the peak sensitivities of green and red are closer together compared to blue, which as a result has a larger receptive field as shown in the figure below (5). Figure showing different wavelength s of the different colors (Source Davies et al., 2009) Davies et al. found that even in the presence of disease, the ability to discriminate colors improves in patients who are provided with a means of increasing their partial pressure of oxygen (5). This implies that hypoxia that is associated with the disease conditions in the eye such as diabetes is a key factor in the observed deterioration in color vision. Some of the other conditions that are associated with decreased perception of color vision include the inherited conditions that are not commonly associated with major deficiencies as color blindness. These conditions have also exhibited the characteristic of sparing the red and green color perceptions by first affecting blue (tritan) axis (6). The conditions include optic atrophy that is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition (6). Materials and Methods The research was carried out through first determining the best databases where research materials on the topic would be readily available. With the location of an appropriate database, the determination of key words was done so that the results would be used for accurate analysis. Some of the key words included high altitude, color discrimination, photoreceptors, ganglion cells, hypoxia, ocular physiology, color vision, protan, deutran, and tritan. The results of the search were later refined, with those that are appropriate for the research being selected. The references of these literatures were later searched. Analysis followed to evaluate whether they would be applicable to the research. The initial search produced 36 results. After refining the search, the number of literature remaining was 19. These materials were then subjected to a criterion to finally evaluate those that were applicable for review and research. The inclusion criteria included that the literature had to be written in English, with most of the materials being peer review articles. The exclusion criteria also included the ar ticles that were not written in English. These articles were excluded from consideration. This strategy saw the number of researches utilized drop to 15, as these were relevant for evaluation. Results Color Vision at Hypoxia Some researchers have observed no relationship between high altitude and color vision loss. In one study where the researchers applied the desaturated D15 test to investigate this relationship, the hypoxia developing because of exposure to high altitude did not lead to any major deterioration in color perception (7). The study also involved examination of some of the other factors that may lead to color vision loss. These factors included the time of exposure to hypoxia, mountain sickness, and the physical exertion resulting from an increase in altitude (7). In the above factors investigated by Leid and champagne, there was no observed change in the desaturated D 15. Hence, the researchers concluded that increase in altitude has little, if any, effects on color vision (7). The methods used in any study are crucial in the results that are expected. Researchers should use methods that have been applied in a similar research or an improvement of the same to ensure reproducibility of results. Poor methodology leads to poor results. In the case of the research above, the tool used in the research (desaturated D15 measurement) was not standard. The researchers also stated that it might not have been a reliable tool for them to use based on its weak sensitivity in one of the axis (7). High Altitude Exposures and Ocular Physiology Wilmwe and Berens cite the requirement of good eyesight in the aviation industry and for pilots to have led to the large number of studies on color vision and its relation to high altitudes (4). In their research, they found that hypoxia causes a reduction in the perception of color in the eye (3). In the studies that they cited, the methods used included stilling’s plate that is used in high altitudes. At 20000 f eet with reduced pressure, there were no color changes observed (4). This research is among the studies that showed no reduction in color vision with increased attitude and low pressures. Some authors also cited researchers who had earlier suggested no change in color vision with increased altitude (3) despite their independent results and those of other researcher showing a clear reduction in color vision with a tremendous increase in altitude. Buttler states that although some researchers suggested no reduction or impairment in color perception, the studies they conducted, as supported by other studies, showed a reduction in color perception with altitudes above 12,000 feet (3). The basic conclusion made therefore is that there is a marked reduction in perception of color vision, with large and sudden increases in height. Some of the researchers also found a reduced color perception in the presence of hypoxia. Some of the effects could be observed in the visual fields as well as v isual acuity. They cited the unavailability of data supporting the reductions in color perception in hypoxic conditions (2). Many researchers faulted the research showing no relationship between high altitude and color discrimination for poor methodologies that had been used, with one of the researchers using Nagel anomaloscope, which was more advanced (2). This tool facilitated the production of results supporting reductions in color perception in hypoxic conditions, but only for eyes with an already compromised color perception system (2). Moderate hypoxia was then regarded as a source of impairment in color perception because of the study. Some of the researches that strongly supported the reduction of color perception with increased altitude included Leid and champagne’s research (7). In this research, the authors cited that only one of the researches that they evaluated had data supporting reductions in color perception in hypoxic conditions. The study had used an anomal oscope (7). The results of this initial study indicated a reduction in the sensitivity to the color green, while Leid and champagne’s research found an association with all axes basing their findings on the artificial conditions used (7). The results that the researchers used vary due to the tests that each used. The tests have their own specificity and sensitivities, which are a major influence on the analysis that is produced. Some studies have also been conducted on these tests. It is therefore possible to categorize them into the most sensitive to the least sensitive. One of these tests is the Farnsworth-Munsell test. According to Karakucuk and his colleagues, this test, â€Å"is the preferred color testing method used in many investigations at high altitude or laboratory environments† (1). Some researchers have opted to use other less sensitive tests, which provide data that is not reliable or strong in making the required conclusions. Some of the other researcher s who also support the use of the Farnsworth-Munsell test include Vingrys and Garner who state that the test provides reliable results in the estimation of color loss in high altitude (2). Color Vision decreases with High Altitude The review of literature provided some articles that supported the decrease in color sensitivity with an increase in altitude. Among these researchers are Vingrys and Garner who found that there was a loss of color discrimination when the FM 100-Hue tool was used in combination with the anomaloscope at a height of 12,000 feet (2). The study done on two individuals showed a decrease in color perception from the level that was recorded at sea level. In another of the studies that Vingrys and Garner looked at, the same tool was applied in the estimation of the effects of color vision on five individuals at an altitude of 18,000 feet. It showed a marked reduction in the color discrimination in these individuals (2). The reductions were in the blue-yellow spect rum. The loss of blue vision was consistent with the results of other studies done using the same methods. Although Vingrys and Garner found a decrease in the perception of color at high altitude, they differed with some of the results from the literature that they had examined in the axis that is mainly lost in high altitude hypoxia (2). They reported a decrease in color perception in the blue-yellow and red-green combinations. They stated that the reason for the differences might have been the methods used to attain hypoxia (2). The results therefore supported the existence of diminished color perceptions with an increase in altitude. The results of most research articles examined show that there is a relationship between color vision and high altitude and that a reduction in color discrimination occurs with an increase in altitude. It is however important to establish the colors that are mostly affected with the hypoxia produced by an increase in altitude, as different researcher s have given different colors that are affected. One of the researches carried out with the specific aim of determining the colors that are affected is the one carried by Tekavcic and Igor (8). This study utilized the Mollon-Reffin Minimalist test at an altitude of 5400m. The color vision axes tested included tritan, deutan, and protan (8). The tool was apparently chosen based on the relative ease in administration to the participants. It was also a quick way of carrying out the investigation (8). Tritan axis (Blue): The most affected Among the factors that were under study, hypoxia was reported to have a significant relationship with color vision. Tekavcic and Igor also reported that the correlation between color vision and hypoxia was mainly in the tritan axis. High altitude and associated hypoxia can therefore result in defects in the tritan axis whose main perception is the blue color. In other studies done with the aim of establishing the color deficiencies affected by high alt itude, Willmann and colleagues measured the color discrimination thresholds for the different axes in two male participants (6). In this study, participants were tasked to ascent to Mt Everest, with the colors measured at different heights during the expedition (6). The tests applied in this study were quantitative and psychophysical tests, whose analysis applied the use computers (6). The results of the study were consistent with other studies that found a reduced perception of color in at high altitudes. The major finding, which fulfilled the research objectives, is that the color axis that is mostly affected is the tritan axis (6). Another major finding is that this effect on the tritan axis may be reversed once the individual has acclimatized or returned to lower altitude (6). In the above research, the researchers found no evidence supporting reduction in color perception for deutan or protan axes. This inference was supported in the data that they got from the research (6). In support of their findings, they state that there was, â€Å"no correlation between altitude increase and protan (r2 linear ¼1.64 E_5) or deutan (r2 linear ¼0.025) thresholds for observer A and B† (6). Other researchers have also supported the findings that there is a reduction in color perception with an increase in altitude, and that this impairment in color perception is mainly in the tritan (blue) axis. In another of researches supporting the involvement of tritan axis in the observed reduction in perception of color with increased altitude, Tekavcic and Igor state that their research and that of others managed to implicate the tritan axis as the main cause of the color vision impairment (8). In the research, they demonstrated that reduction in color perception in the tritan axis is further worsened by an increase in altitude, with higher altitudes having markedly higher effects (8). The color impairment in the tritan axis was also observed in other studies looking at the effects of high altitude on the perception of color. Some of these had the same conclusion that the axis that is mostly affected is the tritan axis. They also supported the stated increase in the impairment with an unprecedented increase in altitude (1). In another study, the effects of lowering the partial pressures of oxygen through decreasing the atmospheric pressure were evaluated in eight subjects (1). The researchers simulated the lowering of atmospheric pressure observed while climbing a mountain. They proceeded to look at the effects that this had on color vision (1). The results indicated that the blue and red ranges were the main ones affected, thus supporting the other work by previous researchers (1). The studies therefore indicate that an increase in altitude has the effect of lowering the partial pressure of oxygen in the bloodstream, with the result being hypoxia. The resulting hypoxia is responsible for the impairment in color perception. The studies also suppor ted the theory that the reduction in the tritan axis perception of color was the main impairment in color perception with an increase in altitude. Some of the studies that found different results can be explained by the relatively weak methods that they utilized to get their results, as it can exemplified by Richelet and colleagues in their study (9). Discussion In this section, a discussion of the results will be made, including the reasons behind high altitude affecting particular colors. An explanation will also be provided for the observation that tritan is the main color affected, and whether the effects are dependent on the age of an individual. There has been a belief that acclimatization has an effect on the outcome of impaired color perception with increased altitude. This will be analyzed to ascertain its relevance. Some of questions to be discussed from the results include whether the time of day influences color vision in high altitudes. The differences that different te sts produce in this research will also be discussed, along with the difficulties in carrying out the study. Physiology behind Tritan Axis being the mostly affected Studies carried out in photopic conditions have demonstrated dysfunctions in the tritan axis when hypoxia is induced by an increase in altitude. Other studies conducted in mesopic (dim light) conditions showed different results (5). In the study conducted by Davies et al., mesopic conditions were provided, with the results showing that the color vision of the participants was not affected by their increase in altitude under these conditions (5). Studies done by some of the other researchers in photopic vision also yielded different results. Karakucuk and his colleagues indicate that their study showed deterioration in the blue-yellow color vision range in photopic conditions (1). The above study demonstrated only the effects of high altitude in photopic conditions. There were suggestions that more changes could be observe d if the scotopic and mesopic conditions were provided. Some researchers who have conducted research on the topic have suggested that hypoxia may cause impaired color perception because of depression in ganglion cell activity, which affects both scotopic and photopic vision (2). This means that a reduction in color perception is not only in day light, but also in dark and dim light. Several explanations have been advanced for why the tritan axis is affected more than the other axes in response to increase in altitude. One of the explanations, which have gathered the support from most researchers, is that the cells that are responsible for the perception of the triton axis are more vulnerable to the effects of hypoxia. Tekavcic and Igor state that S cones that are relatively smaller compared to the L (large) and M (medium) are responsible for color perception in the tritan axis. These cones are affected adversely by small reductions in partial pressure of oxygen (8). Some of the othe r researchers that support the observation include Willmann and colleagues. They state that the S cone pathway is more vulnerable to hypoxia compared to the L and M pathways that can withstand severe hypoxia for a longer period (6). An explanation as to why color vision is affected however is that the cones responsible for this color vision are fewer in number and concentration in the retina. Common conditions affecting the eye affect the cones more often and severely because of this reduction in abundance compared to the other receptors (6). The L and M cones are also more compared to the S cones. Any reduction in partial pressure of oxygen causes earlier reductions in the S cone’s absolute responses (6). This may be the reason behind the tritan axis being affected earlier compared to the other axes that are mediated by the larger L and M cones. Another observation that relates to the effects of high altitude on the tritan axis is that supplementation of oxygen and reversal of the impairment. Higher altitudes were found to have reduced perception in the tritan axis irrespective of supplementation (6). Because of these observations, a high altitude above the one measured in the experiments and studies above will produce marked reductions in the perception of the color blue. Other axes would follow. Supplementation at these high altitudes will have little if any benefits to the perception of color The results can be summed up in Willmann and colleagues’ conclusion, â€Å"high- and extreme-altitude hypoxia adversely affects color vision predominantly along the tritan axis† (high- and extreme-altitude hypoxia adversely affects color vision predominantly along the tritan axis.). The implications of the research findings are important for patients and aviators who stand to have the most effect from any deterioration in perception of colors. Some of the devices that should have the above taken into consideration in their design and painting incl ude compasses, GPS receivers, and altimeters (6). Older Individuals have a Higher Score in Tritan Axis The other effect that was evaluated in most of the studies is the relationship between the age of participants and the impairment in vision produced by high altitudes. In one of the studies, which constituted of mainly young participants, the results of previous studies with older subjects were compared (1). The young population for the study was meant as a way of eliminating the effects of age on the photoreceptors. This was thought to provide a better way of evaluating the relationship between altitude and perception of colors. In the study, the results indicated that the population of young participants was affected by altitude, with a reduction in the perception of the same colors as gotten in other studies (1). This study showed that there were no differences in the photoreceptors reaction to high altitude. All individuals are likely to experience the same effects irrespective of their age. Studies done with a relatively higher mean age of participants produced the same results as the ones done with a younger population. The only difference is that the scores on the tritan axis were higher in older individuals who participated in the studies (6), with this observation being held by several other researchers such as the one by Smith, Earnerst, and Pokorny, and Mollon, Astell, and Reffin (10, 11). The studies however were all consistent with reductions in color perception in high altitude irrespective of the ages of the participants. This means that individuals of any age will be affected the same way with an increase in altitude. Tritan axis is more likely to be affected compared to the other axes. However, the degrees in the visual reductions for the tritan axis are different, with older individuals having higher scores at any altitudes (6). Acclimatization improves Color Perception Acclimatization is reported to have a significant influence on the studi es performed on the subject. In one of the studies that used students, the rate of ascending a mountain was slower relative to most individuals. This provided them with a chance to acclimatize (1). The researchers however stated that for people that ascend to high altitudes at a faster rate, there is little chance of acclimatization. Hence, the findings of Rowe’s research may not be valuable for this population (12). The conclusion was that acclimatization has little help in the prevention of the impairments in color for people ascending mountains. In another study by Dean, Arden, and Dornhorst, however, data collected on the threshold levels for the tritan axis showed improvements with increased stay in high altitude as the participants acclimatized (13). The researchers suggested that with acclimatization, the physiological adaptation of the eye and the body in general allows the visual pathways to recover, thus reducing the effect of impaired color perception in high altit udes (6). Davies et al. also observed that with time during their experiment, the subjects had improvements in the color perception. This can be attributed to the acclimatization that they had experienced as Wong, Khan, Adewoyin, Sivaprasad, Arden, and Chong confirmed (5, 14). When using the very sensitive desaturation D15 test, Leid and champagne found that well-trained individual and those who had time to acclimatize experienced little effects of high altitude in their color vision (7). The disturbances were also reversible with a return to the normal altitudes. This means that if individuals have time to acclimatize, the effects discussed in this study will not be experienced. This does not however apply to individuals such as the air force and commercial airline pilots who ascend to high altitudes suddenly inside a non-pressurized aircraft such as a helicopter (13). Color Impairment at High Altitude Reversible In the question of whether the effects of high altitude on color perc eption are reversible, Tekavcic and Igor managed to show that the effects are reversed only three days after the study for the participants. Normal color vision was restored in a year (8). Some of the other researchers who observed an improvement in color perception when the participants returned to their normal altitudes include Willmann and colleagues (14). This resulted in the conclusion that the effects of high altitude to color perception are transient in nature (6), thus indicating that the effects of high altitude on the perception of color are reversible and are only present when the individual is not well acclimatized to the high altitude. According to Gibson and Mckenna, there were some apparent differences in carrying out the study above, including the low availability of literature detailing the effects of altitude on color vision (15). Few researchers had carried out this research. This claim was also crucial because it provided the needed knowledge gaps. The methodolog ies used in the reviewed literature were also different, hence providing the varying results that were obtained for different studies. Another of the problems encountered included the estimation of the best ways to synthesize the data from the results of the study. In the studies, some of the problems that the researchers faced included mountain sickness and physical fatigue. It also took a longer time as compared to other types of researches. Conclusions The analysis of literature was meant to determine the effects of high altitude on perception of color in human beings. Most of the literature evaluated indicated that there was a relationship between the reduction of color vision perception and increase in altitude. Altitudes above 12,000 feet are the mainly affected by the observed increase in the impairment if color perception. There are also differences in the degree to which the different axes in color vision are affected by an increase in altitude. The most severely affected i s the tritan axis. Acclimatization and return to lower altitudes is observed to reduce the effects of altitude on color vision. However, these effects are reversible. There is therefore need to put in place measures to ensure that personnel involved in intricate activities requiring perfect color vision at high altitudes are protected from these effects. Some of the measures already in place include pressurized aircrafts, supplemental oxygen, and regular color vision check-ups for these personnel. Reference List 1. Karakucuk S, Oner A, Goktas S, Siki E, Kose O. Color vision changes in young subjects acutely exposed to 3,000 m altitude. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2004; 75(2): 364–6. 2. Vingrys A, Garner, F. The effect of a moderate level of hypoxia on human color vision. Documenta Ophthalmologica 1987; 66(1): 171-185. 3. Buttler F. The eye at altitude. J R Army Med Corps n.d; 157(1): 49-52. 4. Wilmwe W, Berens, C. The Effects of Altitude on Ocular functions. Journal of American Medical Associations 1918; 71(5): 1382-1400. 5. Davies A, Morris D, Kalson N, Wright A, Imary C, Hogg, C. Changes to Color Vision on Exposure to High Altitude. J R Army Med Corps 2009; 157(1): 1-27. 6. Willmann G, Ivanov, V, Fischer D, Lahiri S, Pokharel, K, Werner A et al. Effects on color discrimination during long term exposure to high altitudes on Mt Everest. Br J Ophthalmol 2010; 94(1): 1393-1397. 7. Leid J, champagne J. Color vision at Very High Altitude. Color research and application, Supplement 2001; 26(1): s281-s283. 8. Tekavcic M, Igor T. Color Vision in the Tritan Axis is Predominantly Affected at High Altitude. High Altitude Medicine Medicinee 2008; 9(1): 38-42. 9. Richalet J, Rutgers V, Bouchet P, Rymer J, Keromes, A, Duval-Arnould, G et al. Duirnal Variation of Acute Mountain Sickness, Color Vision and Plasma Cortisol and ACTH at High Altitude, Aviat. Space. Environ. Med. 1989; 60(1): 105-111. 10. Mollon D, Astell S, Reffin J. A Minimalist Test of Color vision. In: C olor Vision Deficiencies X.B. Drum, J.D. Moreland, and A. Serra, eds: Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands 1991; 1(1): 59-67. 11. Smith V, Earnerst T, Pokorny J. Effects of Hypoxia on FM 100-Hue Test Performace, Eye Research Laboratories. Chicago: University of Chicago; 2001. 12. Rowe H. Trichromatic color vision in primates. News Physiol Sci. 2002; 17(3): 93-98. 13. Dean, M, Arden, B. Dornhorst A. Partial reversal of protan and tritan color defects with inhaled oxygen in insulin dependent diabetic subjects. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81(2): 27-30. 14. Wong R, Khan J, Adewoyin T, Sivaprasad S, Arden B, Chong V. The Chroma Test, a digital color contrast sensitivity analyzer, for diabetic maculopathy: a pilot study. BMC Ophthalmol 2008; 17(4): 8-25. 15. Gibson A, Mckenna, M. The Effects of High Altitude on the Visual System. J R Army Med Corps 2012; 157(1), 49-52. This article on The Relationship between Color Vision and High Altitude was written and submitted by user Tate Stevens to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.